《简明语言学教程课件 第二章 音系学》.pptVIP

* 2 Sound system:Phonetics Phonology Teaching Objective Critical Thinking Present and Solve Problems Understand Macroscopically Sound system Understand Microscopically Question Time! Puzzling Question! Interesting Question! Serious question! All Questions Are Welcome Amazing Question! 2.3 Phonology Think about: Produce “p” in “peak” and “speak”! Find out the differences. Does it influence the meaning if we pronounce “speak” in the way of producing “peak” concerning “p”? Namely, is [sphi:k] different from [spi:k]? 语音 Speech Sound 语音系统 Sound system 语音学 语音的 发生、传递、感知 不涉及到意义 基本单位：音素 （或者可以区别意义、或者不可区别意义） 音位学 有区别意义的语音的 组合规律 涉及到意义 基本单位：音位 音段单位：音位 组合规律 超音段音位学 2.3.1 Phonology and phonetics Semantically relevant speech sounds Sound patterns vary from language to language. All languages Language-specific 2.3.2 Phone, phoneme, and allophone Phone (音素）: a phonetic unit or segment. They are speech sounds produced and heard during linguistic communication. e.g. pit, spit; feel, leaf [ph ], [ p ]; [?] , [l] -- phonetic unit -- not distinctive of meaning -- physical as heard and produced -- marked with [ ] phoneme: the minimum phonemic unit that is not further analyzable into smaller units. -- phonological unit -- distinctive of meaning -- abstract, not physical; it is presented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context, such as /p/. -- marked with / / e.g. /l/ can be realized as dark [?] , and clear [l] Rules to determine different phonemes: the substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning, e.g. pig/big Allophones (音位变体) [p=, ph] are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /p/. Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. 成为同一个phoneme 的allophones 的条件 Phonetic similarity They are in complementary distribution, namely they never occur in the same context. For example, [p] occurs after [s], while [ph] occurs in other places. 2.3.2 Phone, phoneme, and allophone 2.3.3 Minimal