概述1学时培训讲学.pptVIP

1868年，瑞士青年科学家 F.Miescher;1889年，Altmann首先制备了不含蛋白的核酸制品，并引入“核酸”这一名词。20世纪20年代测定了核酸的化学组成，并将核酸分为DNA和RNA。1943年，E .Chargaff的工作：嘌呤：嘧啶=1：1，由此推理出碱基配对的理论。1944年，Avery的肺炎双球菌转化实验，证明遗传物质即为DNA。1953年，Watson-Crick建立了DNA的双螺旋结构模型。之后,遗传密码的阐明、内切核酸酶的发现、核酸的合成与分析技术、基因重组技术等的建立形成了分子生物学的基本完整体系。;核酸作为遗传物质的证明;Frederick Griffith ???? In 1928 a scientist named Frederick Griffith was working on a project that enabled others to point out that DNA was the molecule of inheritance.? Griffiths experiment involved mice and two types of pneumonia, a virulent and a non-virulent kind.? He injected the virulent pneumonia into a mouse and the mouse died.? Next he injected the non-virulent pneumonia into a mouse? and the mouse continued to live.? After this, he heated up the virulent disease to kill it and then injected it into a mouse.? The mouse lived on.? Last he injected non-virulent pneumonia and virulent pneumonia, that had been heated and killed, into a mouse.? This mouse died. ??? Why?? Griffith thought that the killed virulent bacteria had passed on a characteristic to the non-virulent one to make it virulent.? He thought that this characteristic was in the inheritance molecule.? This passing on of the inheritance molecule was what he called transformation.;Oswald Avery ??? Fourteen years later a scientist named Oswald Avery continued with Griffith’s experiment to see what the inheritance molecule was.? In this experiment he destroyed the lipids, ribonucleic acids, carbohydrates, and proteins of the virulent pneumonia.? Transformation still occurred after this.? Next he destroyed the deoxyribonucleic acid.? Transformation did not occur.? Avery had found the inheritance molecule, DNA! ;;Hershey Chase (1952) - blender experiment ?????? bacteriophages are grown in radioactive medium ??????? proteins labeled with 35S ???????? DNA labeled with 32P ?????? during transformation of E. coli by bacteriophages, ?????? 32P goes in,? 35S stays out ??????? = DNA is the transforming principle ;