《电子商务》7环境法和经济学分析备份.ppt

严格责任 Model 严格责任制下,the polluter is liable for all damages that occur: L(D(x))=D(x), EL(x)=ED(x) EL’(x)=ED’(x) Marginal social cost: 1+ED’(x)=0 Marginal private cost: 1+EL’(x)=0 在严格责任制下,边际社会成本等于边际私人成本 这和庇古税类似。 严格责任 Model:polluter’s Choice X, per unit care level D, per unit (output )damage B(x), benefits of per unit output C(x), per unit production costs q, output 企业利润最大化:max B(q)-[c(x)+p(x)D(x)]q (3) 一阶条件(solve q): B’(q)-[c(x)+p(x)D(x)]=0 (4) 同时应满足利润非负: B(q)-[c(x)+p(x)D(x)]q≥0 (5) 严格责任 Model:polluter’s Choice 严格责任制下,企业需最大化: max B(q)-[c(x)+p(x)L(D(x))]q 一阶条件(solve q): B’(q)-[c(x)+p(x)L(D(x))]=0 (6) 同时应满足利润非负: B(q)-[c(x)+p(x)L(D(x))]q≥0 (7) 比较4和6,5和7,可得: 当L(D(x))=D(x),即the polluter’s liability payment is equal to the total damages, obtain optimal level. 严格责任 Model:victim incentives 外部性的扩展分析指出,受害者有incentive 规避污染损害,所以不应受到补偿(庇古税不影响受害者行为)。 y, care of the victim (dollar) Expected damaged dependent on both polluter and victim’s care ED(x,y)=p(x)D(x,y) Total social costs: care expenditure (victim and polluter) plus expected damages x+y+ ED(x,y) 一阶条件(solve x and y): 1+EDx(x,y)=0 (8) and 1+EDy(x,y)=0 (9) 严格责任 Model:victim incentives C(D(x,y)), compensation the victim receives Expected compensation: EC(x,y)=p(x)C(D(x,y)) Victim will choice level (y) to minimize total his expected costs: min y+ED(x,y)-EC(x,y) 一阶条件(y): 1+ EDy(x,y)-ECy(x,y)=0 (10) 比较(9)和(10),当ECy(x,y)=0,victim incentive will be efficient , if and only if the victim’s care choice does not affect the amount of compensation (compensation is lump-sum). 严格责任 Model:victim incentives 但是,严格责任制下,补偿直接通过法庭从污染者转移到受害者手中,无效率。 庇古税下,可通过lump-sum 税实现效率条件。 但是,美国的CERCLA规定补偿不能直接给受害者,而是用于公共项目。 严格责任 风险和不确定性 庇古税是事前工具,不存在不确定性。 严格责任制为事后工具,具有不确定性,所有风险均给与污染者。 污染者的风险可能会很大(墨西哥湾漏油) 污染者的风险偏好会产生作用。 严格责任制的风险配置可能是缺乏效率的: An efficient allocation of risk requires that risk be shared or placed on the party that is better able to bear that risk (Shavell, 1979) 过失责任 习题:与严格责任原则比较 生产者(污染者)

文档评论(0)

1亿VIP精品文档

相关文档