泛珠三角物理奥林匹克.docVIP

泛珠三角物理奧林匹克 培訓講義 香港物理奧林匹克委員會 吳肇祖博士 第2課 簡諧振動 Oscillations 1. Simple Harmonic Motion 簡諧振動(圖1) 圖1 圖2 Frequency f and Period T 頻率f 和週期T (1) Simple harmonic motion 簡諧運動 , (2) where 其中 ? － angular frequency 角頻率 圖2 顯示: (a) Effects of different Amplitudes xm 不同振幅的影響 (b) Effects of different Periods T 不同周期的影響 (c) Effects of different Phases ? 不同相位的影響 Since the motion returns to its initial value after one period T 由於運動在一個週期後返回它的初始值, Thus ? (3) Velocity 速度 , 其中 (4) Velocity amplitude 速度幅度 . Acceleration 加速度 , 其中 (5) Acceleration amplitude 加速度幅度 . Note that 注意 , . (6) This equation of motion will be very useful in identifying simple harmonic motion and its frequency. 該運動微分方程於識別簡諧振動及其頻率時非常有用. 2. The Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion 簡諧振動受力原理 Consider the simple harmonic motion of a block of mass m subject to the elastic force of a spring. 考慮一個承受彈簧彈性力且質量為 m 之塊體的簡諧運動. Newton’s law 由牛頓第二定律: (7) Comparing with the equation of motion for simple harmonic motion 與簡諧振動的運動方程(6)比較. (8) Simple harmonic motion is the motion executed by a particle of mass m subject to a force that is proportional to the displacement of the particle but opposite in sign. 簡諧振動是指質量為m的質點 -該質點承受一種與其位移成正比而方向相反的力作用- 的運動. Angular frequency 角頻率: . (9) Period 週期: (10) Examples 例題 例1 A block whose mass m is 680 g is fastened to a spring whose spring constant k is 65 N m-1. The block is pulled a distance x = 11 cm from its equilibrium position at x = 0 on a frictionless surface and released from rest at t = 0. 置於光滑表面的質量 m = 680 g 的木塊與剛度 k = 65 N m?1的彈簧相連. 木塊被拉開自平衡位置 x = 0 為 x = 11的距離, 且於 t = 0 時被靜止的釋放. 求: What force does the spring exert on the block just before the block is released? 木塊釋放前所受的彈簧力. What are the angular frequency, the frequency, and the period of the resulting oscillation? 角頻率 頻率 週期 What is the amplitude of the oscillation? 振幅 What is the maximum speed of the oscillating block? 振動塊的最大速度 What is the magnitude of the maximum acceleration of the block? 最大加速度 W