数字图像处理知识课件.pptVIP

Neighbors of a Pixel 相邻像素 Neighborhood relation is used to tell adjacent pixels. It is useful for analyzing regions. x y (0,0) (x,y) (x+1,y) (x-1,y) (x,y-1) (x,y+1) (x+1,y-1) (x-1,y-1) (x-1,y+1) (x+1,y+1) Basic Relationship of Pixels * p (x+1,y) (x-1,y) (x,y-1) (x,y+1) 4-neighbors of p: N4(p) = (x-1,y) (x+1,y) (x,y-1) (x,y+1) Note: q ? N4(p) implies p ? N4(q) 4-neighborhood relation considers only vertical and horizontal neighbors. N4(p) 4 – neighbor * p (x+1,y-1) (x-1,y-1) (x-1,y+1) (x+1,y+1) Diagonal neighbors of p: ND(p) = (x-1,y-1) (x+1,y-1) (x-1,y+1) (x+1,y+1) Diagonal -neighborhood relation considers only diagonal neighbor pixels. ND(p) Diagonal neighbor * p (x+1,y) (x-1,y) (x,y-1) (x,y+1) (x+1,y-1) (x-1,y-1) (x-1,y+1) (x+1,y+1) 8-neighbors of p: (x-1,y-1) (x,y-1) (x+1,y-1) (x-1,y) (x+1,y) (x-1,y+1) (x,y+1) (x+1,y+1) N8(p) = 8-neighborhood relation considers all neighbor pixels. N8(p) 8 – neighbor * Two pixels p and q with values from V are 4 – adjacency if q is in the set N4(p). 4 - adjacency 设用V 表示定义连接的灰度值集合。 8 - adjacency Two pixels p and q with values from V are 8 – adjacency if q is in the set N8(p). * N4(p)∩N4(q)不包含V中取值的像素，即交集是空集，不能有元素同时出现在N4(p)和N4(q)中。 m- adjacency（mixed adjacency ） Two pixels p and q with values from V are m-adjacency if （i） q is in the N4(p), （ii）q is in the ND(p) and the set N4 (p) ∩ N4 (q) has no pixels whose values are from V. 设用V 表示定义连接的灰度值集合 * Histogram Processing 直方图处理 Histograms?plots?how?many?times?(frequency)?each? intensity?value?in?image?occur. Example: Image?(left)?has?256?distinct?gray?levels?(8?bits). Histogram?(right)?shows?frequency?(how?many?times)each gray?level?occurs. * MN=n p(rk) is an estimate of the portability of occurrence of intensity level rk in an image. The sum of all components of a normalized histogram in equal to 1. Normalized Histogram 归一化的直方图 * 直方图 15 5 4 3 2 1 0 直方图的绘制 The horizontal axis of each histogram plot corre