曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语ppt课程chap36.ppt

36 Five Debates Over Macroeconomic Policy 宏观经济政策的五个争论问题 Five Debates over Macroeconomic Policy 1. Should monetary and fiscal policymakers try to stabilize the economy? 2. Should monetary policy be made by rule rather than by discretion? 3. Should the central bank aim for zero inflation? 4. Should the government balance its budget? 5. Should the tax laws be reformed to encourage saving? 宏观经济政策的五个争论问题 1. 货币与财政决策者应该努力稳定经济吗？ 2.货币政策应该按规则还是相机抉择? 3. 中央银行应该把零通货膨胀作为目标吗? 4. 财政决策者应该减少政府债务吗？ 5. 应该为了鼓励储蓄而修改税法吗? Should monetary and fiscal policymakers try to stabilize the economy? 货币与财政决策者应该努力稳定经济吗？ Pro: Policymakers should try to stabilize the economy The economy is inherently unstable, and left on its own will fluctuate. Policy can manage aggregate demand in order to offset this inherent instability and reduce the severity of economic fluctuations. 赞成：决策者应该努力稳定经济 经济是本质上不稳定的，如果放任不管，经济就倾向于发生波动。 政策可以管理总需求，目的是抵消这种内在的不稳定，降低经济波动的严重性。 Pro: Policymakers should try to stabilize the economy There is no reason for society to suffer through the booms and busts of the business cycle. Monetary and fiscal policy can stabilize aggregate demand and, thereby, production and employment. 赞成：决策者应该努力稳定经济 没有理由使社会受到经济周期高涨与低落的折磨。 货币与财政政策可以稳定总需求，从而稳定生产和就业。 Con: Policymakers should not try to stabilize the economy Monetary policy affects the economy with long and unpredictable lags between the need to act and the time that it takes for these policies to work. Many studies indicate that changes in monetary policy have little effect on aggregate demand until about six months after the change is made. 反对：决策者不应该努力稳定经济 在需要采取行动到货币政策能发挥作用之间，货币政策对经济的作用要有一个相当长而且不可预见的时滞。 许多研究表明，在作出货币政策变动的6个月之内，这种变动对总需求的影响很小。 Con: Policymakers should not try to stabilize the economy Fiscal policy works with a lag because of the long political process that governs changes in spending and taxes. It can take years to propose, pass, and implement a major change in fiscal policy. 反对：决策者不应该努力稳定经济 财政政策的作用有时滞，是因为政府改变支出与税收是一个漫长的政治过程。