计算机网络第五版(英文版)ppt(5).pptVIP

Fragmentation Fragmentation:Different networks may impose different maximum packet sizes. This means that we may have to split a packet into smaller ones when forwarding it through a network whose maximum packet size is too small Where to reassemble the fragments? Gateway: Transparent fragmentation?? The destination host: Nontransparent fragmentation The Network Layer in the Internet The Internet Protocol (IP) The Internet is a collection of many networks connected together by a bunch of backbones. The glue that holds the whole Internet together is the network layer protocol, IP (Internet Protocol). The IPv4 Header The IPv4 Header(2) Addresses IP Addresses (2) Subnets (1) ??All hosts on the same network must have the same network number. This may cause a single organization to acquire several classes of addresses for multiple LANs. ??Use a single network address for the entire organization, and internally divide the host address space into a subnet address and a host id ??To implement subnetting, the main router needs a subnet mask that indicate CIDR –Classless InterDomainRouting CIDR –Examples CIDR–Aggregate Entries For many routers outside , the only thing they see is that there are (at least) 3 network addresses for which packets follow the same route. These entries can be aggregated into a single entry /19 with a single submaskof 19/13 1/0 bits. Congestion ??Congestion: When too many packets are present, performance degrades ??At very high traffic, performance collapses completely and almost no packets are delivered. Congestion General Principles of Congestion Control Two groups of solutions: ??Open loop: attempt to solve the problem by good design, in essence, to make sure it does not occur in the first place. ??Closed loop: are based on the concept of a feedback loop. Monitor the system to detect when and where congestion occurs. Pass information to where action can be taken. Adjust system operation to correct the problem. Policy Congestion Control