Principles of Conversation:the co-operative principle会话原则：合作原则.pptVIP

A. 质量准则: 尽量使你的话真实,特别是: a) 不要说你认为是假的话 b) 不要说你缺乏足够证据的话; B. 数量准则 你说的话应包含(当前交谈目的)所需要的信息内容; 不要使你的话语的信息内容超过要求 C. 相关准则 使你的话语(语话题)相关; D. 方式准则 表达要清晰,特别要: 避免模糊; 避免歧义 简明 有序 M: I bought a few books at the new bookstore.  Would you like to have a look at them?W: A few? It looks like you bought out the  bookstore.Q: What does the woman mean? (四级真题） A. She didn’t like the books the man bought. B. There wasn’t a large selection at the bookstore. C. The man bought a lot of books. D. She wanted to see what the man bought. W: Did you find the book for your reading  assignment in the library?M: It is closed before I got there. I had no idea it  closes so early on weekends.Q: What does the man mean? (四级真题） A. He didn’t get the look he needed. B. He had no idea where the book was. C. The library is closed on weekends. D. He was not allowed to check out the book. * * Principles of Conversation: the co-operative principle In making conversation, Grice holds that there is a general principle --- Cooperative Principle which all participants are expected to observe. Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. The maxim of quality 1. Do not say what you believe to be false. 2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. The maxim of quantity 1. Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange). 2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. The maxim of relation Be relevant. The maxim of manner 1. Avoid obscurity of expression. 2. Avoid ambiguity. 3. Be brief. 4. Be orderly. When we violate these maxims, in some situations, conversational implicature will arise. Queen Victoria was made of iron. A: Teheran is in Turkey isn’t it, teacher? B: And London is in Armenia I suppose. A: Do you know where Mr. X liv