《芽孢和放线菌》-公开课件.ppt

* ◆Scattered within bacterial cytoplasm are numerous small loops of DNA known as plasmids. ◆Plasmids, small DNA fragments, are known from almost all bacterial cells. Plasmids carry between 2 and 30 genes. Some seem to have the ability to move in and out of the bacterial chromosome. * 细胞膜内除核质体外的一切透明、胶状、颗粒状物质可总称为细胞质。主要成分有：核糖体、贮藏物、各种酶类、中间代谢物及质粒等,少数细菌还存在有羧化体、伴胞晶体或气泡等 ◆ Cytoplasmic Structures(a). Nucleoid - An area of concentrated DNA with no nuclear membrane. The DNA is single circular, double stranded without proteins. (b). Ribosomes - 30S and 50S to form a 70S complex. (c). Plasmids - Extrachromosomal loops of DNA, some code for drug resistance, toxins and other factors. ◆Bacteria lack a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles. Biochemical processes that normally occur in a choloroplast or mitochondrion of eukaryotes will take place in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. * 原核生物的核糖体常以游离状态存分布细胞质中，在生长旺盛的细胞中，核糖体常成串排列，称多聚核糖体(polyribosome)。核糖体之间靠mRNA连接。而真核生物细胞的核糖体既能够以游离状态存于细胞质中,也可以结合到内质网上,颗粒的沉降系数为80S(60S+40S)。这是原核细胞与真核细胞核糖体的区别。 * The capsule has several roles. It protects the cell from DRYING. It serves as an extra source of NUTRITION. in times of need. It helps the cells STICK or attach to things because of its sticky (adhesive) nature and as such is part of biofilms. By sticking the cells to solid surfaces capsules/slime layers prevent them from washing away and provide a protective environment for the cells. It PROTECTS the cell from destruction by white blood cells. It may be TOXIC or inhibitory to a hosts defense system and so aid in the disease process. * Fimbriae and Pili are interchangeable terms used to designate short, hair-like structures on the surfaces of procaryotic cells. Like flagella, they are composed of protein. Fimbriae are shorter and stiffer than flagella, and slightly smaller in diameter. Generally, fimbriae have nothing to do with bacterial movement (there are exceptions). Fimbriae are very common in Gram-negative bact