岩石组成和岩石物理性质.pptVIP

* * * * * * * Dual porosity is comprised of two entirely different types of void space, intergranular pore space, and voids in fractures * * Again, independent of sphere size * Mixing of larger and smaller particles clearly has a significant affect on porosity, reducing the original porosity of 47.6% to 14%. Real formations do not consist of these perfectly shaped spheres, but these theoretical packing models help us understand the effects of particle size and distribution on porosity. * * Plutonic rock fragments are derived from igneous rocks, such as granite. * * * * Kaolinite may fill pores or replace detrital grains, such as feldspar. Kaolinite is relatively inert and does not react with fluids that may be introduced into the reservoir. However, kaolinite platelets have large diameters relative to pore throats. As a result, under certain reservoir, kaolinite may migrate to and block pore throats, thus reducing permeability. Kaolinite also contains water in micropores between platelets and stacks of platelets. The presence of this water in kaolinite bearing sandstone must be acknowledged during well log analysis if proper interpretation of water saturation is to be made. 一、达西定律 1856年法国学者Darcy对砂土的渗透性进行研究 结论： 水在土中的渗透速度与试样的水力梯度成正比 v=ki 达西定律 水力梯度，即沿渗流方向单位距离的水头损失 二、岩石的渗透性 二、渗透变形 渗透水流将土体的细颗粒冲走、带走或局部土体产生移动，导致土体变形—————渗透变形问题（流土，管涌） 1.流土——在渗流作用下，局部土体表面隆起，或某一范围内土 粒群同时发生移动的现象 流土发生于地基或土坝下游渗流出逸处，不发生于土体内部。开挖基坑或渠道时常遇到的流砂现象，属于流土破坏。细砂、粉砂、淤泥等较易发生流土破坏 二、岩石的渗透性 2.管涌——在渗流作用下，无粘性土中的细小颗粒通过较大颗粒的孔隙，发生移动并被带出的现象 土体在渗透水流作用下，细小颗粒被带出，孔隙逐渐增大，形成能穿越地基的细管状渗流通道，掏空地基或坝体，使其变形或失稳。管涌既可以发生在土体内部，也可以发生在渗流出口处，发展一般有个时间过程，是一种渐进性的破坏 二、岩石的渗透性 后来的研究者发现，达西定律(Darcy’s law )可以应用于其它流体，把上式中的比例常数k改写为k／μ、μ为流体的粘度,k为表征岩石性质的系数，即渗透率。后来经进一步修正，得到达西定律(Darcy’s law )的通式为： 二、岩石的渗透性 上式中： Q 为通过孔隙介质的流量，厘米3／秒； A 为流体通过的横断面积，厘米2 ； μ 为流体的粘度，厘泊； k 为岩石的渗透率，达西； dp/dx 为单位长度上的压力