固体材料的宏观光学性质.pptxVIP

Overview;Nature of light;Many of the electronic properties of materials, information on the bonding, material composition etc. was discovered using spectroscopy, the study of absorbed or emitted radiation evidence for energy levels in atoms evidence for energy bands and band-gaps photoelectric effect;General description of absorption;If the material is not perfectly transparent, the intensity decreases exponentially with distance Consider a small thickness of material, ?x The fall of intensity in ?x is ?I so ?I = -a.?x.I where ? is the absorption coefficient (dimensions are m-1) In the limit of ?x ? 0, we get The solution of which is I?=?I0?exp(–?x) Taking “ln” of both sides, we have: which is known as Lambert’s Law (he also has a unit of light intensity named for him);Thus, if we can plot -ln(I) against x, we should find ? from the gradient Depending on the material and the wavelength, light can be absorbed by nuclei – all materials electrons – metals and small band-gap materials;ATOMIC ABSORPTION;If we think of our atom-on-springs model, there is a single resonance peak: But things are more complex when the atoms are connected – phonons recall transverse and longitudinal optical phonons;Electronic absorption;Molecular materials;The spectrum of liquid water;Since the bonds have different “spring constants”, the frequencies of the modes are different when the incident illumination is of a wavelength that excites one of these modes, the illumination is preferentially absorbed This technique allows us to measure concentrations of different gas species in, for example, the atmosphere by fitting spectra of known gases to the measured atmospheric spectra, we can figure out the quantities of each of the gases;Optical properties of metals;This structure for metals means that almost any frequency of light can be absorbed Since there is a very high concentration of electrons, practically all the light is absorbed within about 0.1μm of the surface Metal films thinner than thi