上海交大 生物化学 chapter2.pptxVIP

Proteins play crucial roles in virtually all biological processes;coordinated motion协调运动 proteins are the major component of muscle mechanical support机械支撑 high tensile strength 抗张强度of skin and bone is due to the presence of collagen胶原, a fibrous纤维状 protein immune protection免疫保护 Antibodies抗体 are highly specific proteins that recognize and combine with: viruses, bacteria, and cells from other organisms ;generation and transmission of nerve impulses神经刺激的产生和传递 the response of nerve cells to specific stimuli is mediated by receptor proteins, e.g. Rhodopsin视紫红质 control of growth and differentiation生长和分化的调控 controlled sequential expression of genetic information is essential for the orderly growth and differentiation, e.g. repressor protein阻遏蛋白, growth factor protein, insulin. Proteins serve in all cells as sensors传感器 that control the flow of energy and matter.;Several key properties enable proteins to participate in such a wide range of functions;4.Some proteins are quite rigid, whereas others display limited flexibility. Rigid ones: as structural elements in the cytoskeleton or in connective tissue. Parts with limited flexibility: as hinges铰链区, springs弹性区, and levers杠杆.;proteins are built from a repertoire of 20 AA;AA in solution at neutral pH are predominantly dipolar ions偶极离子 (or zwitterions兼性离子) in the dipolar form of AA, the amino group is protonated (-NH3+)质子化 and the carboxyl group is dissociated (-COO－)解离 the ionization state of AA varies with pH only L AA are constituents of proteins;twenty kinds of side chains varying in size, shape, charge, hydrogen-bonding capacity, and chemical reactivity are commonly found in proteins the remarkable range of functions mediated by proteins results from the diversity and versatility of these 20 kinds of building blocks the simplest one: Gly (glycine)甘 R group: H it is unique in being optically inactive 唯一(不具有不对称碳原子从而)不具光学活性的AA Ala (alanine)丙 comes next R group: CH3 (methyl group甲基) Larger hydrocarbon side chain (3 a