《传感器基础》课件Chapter4CapacitiveSensor.ppt

* 外屏蔽层接大地或接仪器地，用来防止外界电场的干扰。内外屏蔽层之间的电容是1:1放大器的负载。1:1放大器是一个输入阻抗要求很高、具有容性负载、放大倍数为1(准确度要求达1/10000)的同相(要求相移为零)放大器。因此“驱动电缆”技术对1:1放大器要求很高，电路复杂，但能保证电容式传感器的电容值小于1pF时，也能正常工作。 * 在设计电容式传感器时，适当选择材料及有关结构参数，可以满足温度误差补偿要求 * * 当UE为正半周时，VD1导通、VD2截止，Charge up C1;在随后负半周出现时，电容C1上的电荷通过电阻R1，负载电阻RL放电， 流过RL的电流为I1。UE在负半周内，D2导通、D1截止，则电容C2充电，在随后出现正半周时，C2通过电阻R2，负载电阻RL放电，流过RL的电流为I2。根据上面所给的条件，则电流I1 =I2，且方向相反，在一个周期内流过RL的平均电流为零。 * 如图,C1、C2为传感器的差动电容，当电源接通时，设双稳态触发器的A端为高电位，B端为低电位，因此A点通过R1对Cl充电，直至F点上的电位等于参考电压Ur时，比较器A1产生一个脉冲，触发双稳态触发器翻转，A点成低电位，B点成高电位。此时F点电位经 二极管VD1迅速放电至零，而同时B点的高电位经R2向C2充电。当G点的电位充至Ur时，比较器A2产生一脉冲，使触发器又翻转一次，使A点成高电位，B点成低电位，又重复上述过程。如此周而复始，在双稳态触发器的两输出端各自产生一宽度受C1、C2调制的脉冲方波 The equivalent capacitance is: The relative change of capacitance is: Sensitivity: The sensor, whose capacitance is generally small, has high capacitive reactance and high working frequency. So the resistance can be neglected, and the equivalent impedance is calculated as: where，C=CP+C0 Equivalent Circuit of Capacitor (1) Equivalent circuit of the sensor (2) Fringe effect Fringe effect can cause distortion at the edge of electric field, thus making the sensor unstable and increasing non-linear error. To remove or reduce the fringe effect, some special structures can be designed as shown below. Capacitive sensor with protection ring Sensor Design Consideration Stray capacitance is connected with the sensor’s capacitance in parallel, which affects the sensitivity. Several methods can be used to remove or reduce the stray capacitance: (3) Stray Capacitance Increase the initial capacitance of the sensor; Be aware of grounding and shielding; Integration Use “actuated cable” (double shielding with allelic transmission ) technique Complete Shielding Sensor Design Consideration The inner shielding layer has an equal-potential connection with core wire by an amplifier with unity gain, this will remove the capacitance between inner shielding layer and core wire Sensor Design Consideration “Actuated cable” (double shieldin