语言学 超音段特征.ppt

* ppt课件 Suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. * ppt课件 语音单位在语流中有前后的顺序, 它们的组合呈线形的, 称线性组合。 据线性组合的先后顺序切分出来的语音单位, 各占一定的时间段落, 所以也称音段。 语流中最小的音段是音位, 因此音位也称音段音位( segmental phonemes ), 即元音(vowels)和辅音(consonants)。 但是在实际语流中, 语音成素还有一种非线性的共时组合。当音位前后连缀组合成较大的音段时, 往往具有原来所没有的某种语音成素作为它的特征及组成部分。这种较大音段所具有的语音成素超越了原来的较小音段的线性组合, 因而具有超音段的性质。因此我们在这里要研究超音段特征。 * ppt课件 For example instinct [‵insti?kt](本能) television [‘teli,vi??n] （电视） * ppt课件 2.5.1 The Syllable Structure monosyllable: with one syllable, like cat and dog Polysyllable: with more than one syllable, like transplant or festival * ppt课件 A syllable must have a nucleus or peak Usually, a vowel plays the part of a nucleus Sometimes, a consonant plays the part of a nucleus Table [teibl] /tei/ /bl/ [m,n] bottom [b?tm] cotton [k?tn] * ppt课件 Syllable (cracked) O(nset) R(hyme) N(ucleus) Co(da) k r ? k t Syllable structure * ppt课件 A syllable that has no coda is called an open syllable A syllable with coda is a closed syllable Open syllable and closed syllable * ppt课件 In English, the onset position may be empty or filled by a cluster of as many as three consonants, while the coda position may be filled by as many as four consonants. aim [eim] spread [spred] sixths[siksθs] English (((C)C)C)V((((C)C)C)C) Chinese (C)v(C) * ppt课件 Maximal onset principle When there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda. National [n???n?l] * ppt课件 2.5.2 stress Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable. In transcription, a raised vertical line ( ) is often used before the syllable it relates to. * ppt课件 Stress relative notion stressed syllables vs unstressed syllables At the word level At the sentence level * ppt课件 At the word level, it only