U2语音学与音系学01.docVIP

Chapter 2 Exercises I. Define the following terms. 1. Phonetics: The study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language. 2. Articulatory phonetics: the study of the production of speech sounds. 3. Acoustic phonetics: the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. 4. Auditory phonetics: the study of the perception of speech sounds. 5. Voiceless: When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds. 6. Voiced: Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. 7. Broad transcription: The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. 8. Narrow transcription: The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols and the diacritics. 9. IPA: A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonic transcription, its basic principle is using a different letter for each distinguishable speech sound. 10. Vowels: The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels. 11. Consonants: The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants. 12. Phonology: The study of sound system - the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall. 13. Phoneme: the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning. 14. Allophone: Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. 15. Phone: A phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning. It is a speech sound we use when speaking a language. 16. Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound se