胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记第5-6章.docxVIP

Chapter 5 Meaning 1. Semantics(语义学 ) Semantics is the study of meaning of the linguistic units, words and sentences in particular. ( 语义 学是对语言单位，尤其是词和句子的意义的研究。 ) 2. Meanings of “meaning” 1). Meaning: Meaning refers to what a language expresses about the world we live in or any possible or imaginary world. （意义是指语言所表达的关于现实世界或者想象中的世界的想法。 ） 2). Connotation: （内涵） Connotation means the properties of the entity a word denotes. (内涵指的是一个词所指称的实体的特征。 ) 3). Denotation: （外延） Denotation involves the relationship between a linguistic unit and the non-linguistic entity to which it refers. Thus it is equivalent to referential meaning. ( 外延涉及语言单位与非语言实体之 间的关系。在这个意义上，它跟指称意义是一样的。 ) 3. The difference between meaning, concept, connotation, and denotation Meaning refers to the association of language symbols with the real world. There are many types of meaning according to different approaches. Concept is the impression of objects in people ’s mind. Connotation is the implied meaning, similar to implication. Denotation, like sense, is not directly related with objects, but makes the abstract assumption of the real world. 4. The referential theory 1). Definition The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory.( 把词语意义跟它所指称或代表的事物联系起来的理论， 叫做 指称理论 ) 2). The semantic triangle （语义三角） Ogden and Richards presented the classic “Semantic Triangle”as manifested in the following diagram。The connection (represented with a dotted line) between symbol and referent is made possible only through “concept.” Concept / notion （概念） Thought / reference Symbolizes Refers to ---------------------- Symbol object Word stands for reality Signifier referent Code（词语） signified （事物） 5. Sense relations （涵义关系） 5.1 Synonymy Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. 5.2 Antonymy （反义关系） Antonymy is the name for oppositeness relation. There are three subtypes: gradable, complementary and converse antonymy.（反义关系是对立关系的专业术语，它包括三