物理海洋学--overview5-8章.ppt

Overview on Physical Oceanography Instructed by Lü Huaqing（吕华庆） Marine Science School of Zhejiang Ocean Uni. July.,2009;Chapter 5 The Oceanic Heat Budget ;; 6.1 Definition of Salinity At the simplest level, salinity is the total amount of dissolved material in grams in one kilogram of sea water. Thus salinity is a dimensionless quantity. ;; (1)Warmest water is near the equator, coldest water is near the poles. (2)The deviations from zonal are small. Equatorward of 40?, cooler waters tend to be on the eastern side of the basin. North of this latitude, cooler waters tend to be on the western side. （3）The anomalies of sea-surface temperature, the deviation from a long term average, are small, less than 1.5?C except in the equatorial Pacific where the deviations can be 3?C (figure 6.4). ;冷 ;冷 ;; (6) Atlantic is saltier than the Pacific Broecker (1997) showed that 0.32 Sv of the water evaporated from the Atlantic does not fall as rain on land. Instead, it is carried by winds into the Pacific (figure 6.8). ;(7); We will see later that mean velocity is not constant. The mixed layer is roughly 10–200 m thick over most of the tropical and mid-latitude belts. The depth and temperature of the mixed layer varies from day to day and from season to season in response to two processes: 1. Heat fluxes through the surface. 2. Turbulence in the mixed layer provides the mechanical work necessary to mix heat downward. The turbulence depends on the wind speed and on the intensity of breaking waves. ;;; Potential temperature Θ is defined as the temperature of a parcel of water at the sea surface after it has been raised adiabatically from some depth in the ocean. Raising the parcel adiabatically means that it is raised in an insulated container so it does not exchange heat with its surroundings. ;;Physical Oceanography （物理海洋学） Instructed by Lü Huaqing（吕华庆） Marine Science School of Zhejiang