12怒汉中的批判性思维 纯英文版.docVIP

Arguments in 12 Angry Men In the movie 12 Angry Men,there are many types of arguments,including ethos,pathos,logos and fallacies. 1.Definition ? Aristotle (Greek philosopher) divided the methods of persuasion into three categories: Ethos（信誉诉求), Pathos（逻辑证明）, and Logos（情感诉求）. Ethos is appeal based on the character of the speaker. It is your personal credibility, the faith people have in your integrity and competency. It’s the trusts that inspire your emotional Bank Account. Logos is appeal based on logic or reason，the logic, the reasoning part of the presentation is the only legitimate way to win friends and influence people. So Logos contains not only logic, but also the fact that is not arguable valid able figure, the sufficient reasons reasonable structures and so on. Pathos is appeal based on emotion，the emphatic side—it’s the feeling. It means that you are in the emotional that trust another person’s communication. The picture below can give a simple description of these three kinds. A fallacy is an erroneous argument dependent upon an unsound or illogical contention. There are many fallacy examples that we can find in everyday conversations. 2.Examples in the movie Ethos（信誉诉求): The old man ,as a witness, said he heard the boy quarrel with his father , and then the father fall to the ground , while the woman said she saw the boy killed his father through the last two coaches of the train when the train passing. One of the jurors, an architect said that when a train passes, in addition to the noise of the train, people could hear nothing. And this indicates that the testimony of these two witnesses is inconsistent. In this example, the words of this architect are very persuasive. Logos(逻辑证明): In this movie,the police found a switch knife in the old man`s chest,and it became the strong evidence. It was said that this knight wasn`t an ordinary knife,and it was very unusual.The storekeeper said it was the only one in his store. Whe