大学英文版电磁学讲义13.doc

Chapter 3 Basic Principle of Electrostatics 静电学的基本原理 Chapter 3 Basic Principle of Electrostatics 静电学的基本原理 Electrostatics(静电学) is the science of the interactions(相互作用) between electric charges and the electric field in static systems(静止系统), i.e., systems that do not change in time. The theory of electrostatics is important for late understanding of the whole electromagnetism. Quasistatic(似稳) approximation(近似): to use the equations of electrostatics for systems that change slowly in time. 3.1 Coulombs Law 库仑定律 All of electrostatics can be derived(导出) from two principles, Coulombs law and the principle of superposition(叠加原理). Coulombs law: the force between two point-like charges(点电荷) is inversely proportional to the square of the distance(与距离的平方成反比), proportional to the product of the charges(与电荷之积成正比), and in the direction of the line joining the charges(沿连线方向). The force on a charge q1 due to a charge q2 is F 1=K q 1 q2 r2 r (3.1) where r is the distance between the charges and r is the unit vector pointing from q2 to q1. r=∣r∣ , r=r/r . For q1 and q2 with the same sign(q1 和 q2 同号) the force 25 3.1 Coulombs Law 库仑定律 is repulsive(排斥), in the direction of r ; for charges of opposite signs(q1 和 q2 异号) the force is attractive(吸引). Another notation(记号) x 1?x2 F1=K q1 q2 3 ∣x1?x2∣ where x1?x2=r (Figure 3.1) IN SI units(国标单位制) K is defined to be 2 1 =10?7 c2 Ns K= 4 C2 0 2 =8.99×109 N m C2 (3.3) where C is the unit of charge, coulomb. 1 C = 1 A s. 3.1.1 The Superposition Principle 叠加原理 The force on a charge q due to a set of charges{q1 , q2 ,q3 ,?,qN } is the vector sum of the individual Coulomb forces. N q q F q=∑ q=∑ k 4 k=1 0 x?x k 3 (3.4) ∣x?xk∣ 3.2 The Electric Field 电场 3.2.1 Definition 定义 The electric field E(x) is a vector-valued function of position(位置的矢量函数). The definition of E(x) is the force per unit charge that would be exerted(施加) on a small test charge(试验电荷) q if it were located at x, in the limit q0 Ex=lim q0 F q (3.5) The electric field exerts a