语用学ppt演示版.pptVIP

How to cancel (scalar) implicature? 陈慧珍 廖曦仪 白 黎 * Introduction Proposal Experiment summary * Implicature What is implicated Contextual meaning 1）Firstly put forward by H. P. Grice(1961,1975) 指语言在使用时所产生与语境相关的附加意义。（熊学亮 1997） 2）Definition ： 熊学亮. 含义分类标准评析.[J]. 外语教学与研究.1997: 1-8 * 3）Classification （Grice 1961,1975）： meaning what is said what is implicated conventionally conversationally generalized particularized Huang Yan. Pragmatics [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching And Research. 2009. * 3）Classification （Grice 1961）： Implicature Conventional implicature Conversational implicature Generalized implicature Particularized implicature （规约含义） (会话含义) （一般会话含义） （特殊会话含义） * P there for q --- He is Chinese; therefore he know how to use chopsticks ---The oil has run out. ---Oh, there is a garage around the corner. ---What on earth has happened to the roast beef? ---The dog is looking happy. Conventional implicature: attached to particular lexical items or linguistic constructions + Generalized implicature: CP ; stereotypes Particularized implicature: context; against CP * Neo-Gricean pragmatic theories of conversational implicature Horn scales (何恩等级理论) Horn’s Q-principle and R-principle（1984） Levinson Q-principle I-principle M-principle (mere instantiations of Zipfian economy 最低力原则) * Horn scales 公式：S, W (S指强项, W指弱项) 条件： 1)在一个任意的句子框架A内必须实现A(S)蕴含A(W); 2)S, W词汇性质相同; 3)S, W涉及的是相同的语义关系或来自相同的语义场。 （转引 项成东 2006 ；Horn 1972） * 构成荷恩等级关系的常见等级词： 1）不定代词,如al,l some等; 2）数词,如,three, two, one等; 3）情态词,如necessarily,possibly, mus,t should, may等; 4）连接词,如and, or等;频度副词,如always, often, sometimes等; 5）程度形容词,如ho,t warm 等; 6）动词,如know, believe, love, like或start, finish等 * Horn’s theory of conversational implicature Zipf---least effort(省力原则或经济原则) ---the force of unification(speaker’s economy) （单一化力量） ---the force of diversification(hearer’s economy) （ 多样化力量