微观经济学英文课件Ch10教学案例.ppt

Externalities外部性 Chapter 10 Market Efficiency-Market Failure市场效率和市场失灵 Recall that: Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” of the marketplace leads self-interested buyers and sellers in a market to maximize the total benefit that society can derive from a market. 市场中看不见的手会引导自利的买卖双方的行为，使得社会总福利最大化。 But market failures can still happen. 但是市场可能会失灵 Market failure results from market power and externality 市场垄断和外部性会导致市场失灵 Market Failures: Externalities市场失灵：外部性 When a market outcome affects parties other than the buyers and sellers in the market, side-effects are created called externalities. 当市场结果影响了买卖双方之外的人，这种副作用我们就称为外部性。 Externalities cause markets to be inefficient, and thus fail to maximize total surplus. 外部性会使得市场缺乏效率，因此不能最大化总剩余。 when a person engages in an activity that influences the well-being of a bystander and yet neither pays nor receives any compensation for that effect, an externality arises. 当一个人从事某种活动时，影响到了旁观者的福利，并且没有因此付出代价或收到补偿，我们就说有外部性产生。 Examples of Negative Externalities负的外部性的例子 Automobile exhaust Cigarette smoking Barking dogs (loud pets) Loud stereos in an apartment building Stinky Toufu Immunizations（接种疫苗） Restored historic buildings 保护历史建筑 Research into new technologies 研究新技术 Examples of Positive Externalities正的外部性的例子 The Market for Aluminum... Quantity of Aluminum 0 Price of Aluminum QMARKET Demand (private value) Supply (private cost) Equilibrium The Market for Aluminum and Welfare Economics The quantity produced and consumed in the market equilibrium is efficient in the sense that it maximizes the sum of producer and consumer surplus. If the aluminum factories emit pollution (a negative externality), then the cost to society of producing aluminum is larger than the cost to aluminum producers. For each unit of aluminum produced, the social cost includes the private costs of the producers plus the cost to those bystanders adversely affected by the pollution. QMARKET Pollution and the Social Optimum... Quantity of Aluminum 0 Price of Aluminum Demand