Brown和Levinson的礼貌策略课堂.ppt

Brown and Levinson s Politeness Strategy 1 ? Perhaps the most thorough treatment of the concept of politeness is that of Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson, which was first published in 1978 and then reissued, with a long introduction, in 1987. 2 ? Brown and Levinson sum up human politeness behaviour in four strategies, which correspond to these examples: bald on record, negative politeness, positive politeness, and off-record- indirect strategy. 3 Bald on-record ? The bald on-record strategy does nothing to minimize threats to the hearers “face” . ? An emergency : Help! ? Task oriented : Give me those! ? Request : Put your jacket away. ? Alerting : Turn your lights on! (while driving) 4 Positive Politeness ? The positive politeness strategy shows you recognize that your hearer has a desire to be respected. It also confirms that the relationship is friendly and expresses group reciprocity . 5 Strategies St. 1 Notice, attend to H Suggests that S should take notice of aspects of Hs conditions. Examples: “Goodness you cut your hair! … By the way I came to borrow some sugar.” “What a beautiful dress! Where was it bought?” “We ate too many beans tonight, didnt we?” St. 2 Exaggerate This often done with exaggerated intonation, stress, and other aspects of prosodic. Examples: “You are a fantastic cook, the lunch was great!” “How absolutely marvelous/ extraordinary/…..” 6 Strategies St. 3 Intensify interest to H S intensify the interest of his own contribution, by “making a good story” and draw H as a participant into the conversation with direct questions and expressions like you know, see what Example: “ I come into his room, and what do you think I see? – a huge mess all over the place and right in the middle, a naked….” St. 4 Use in- group identity makers Using any of the innumerable ways to convey in- group membership: address forms, language or dialect, jargon or slang and ellipses. Examples: “Honey, can you give me the beer?” “Hey brother,