绝对判断匆忙结论.pptVIP

Dicto Simpliciter -- 绝对判断 Hasty Generalization -- 匆忙结论 Dicto Simplicite ------ 绝对判断 Definition: An argument based on an unqualified generalization. A fallacy in which a general rule is treated as universally true regardless of the circumstances: a sweeping generalization For example: Exercise is good. Therefore everybody should exercise. ? The argument is a fallacy. ? Exercise is good is an unqualified generalization. ? For instance, if you have heart disease, exercise is bad, not good. ? Many people are ordered by their doctors not to exercise. ? You must qualify the generalization. ? You must say : exercise is usually good, or exercise is good for most people. Otherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter. Dicto Simpliciter ------ 绝对判断 ? Dicto simpliciter fallacies are deductive fallacies( 逻 辑谬误 )that occur in statistical syllogisms( 统计推论 法 ). ? A dicto simpliciter occurs when an acceptable exception( 例外 ) is ignored or eliminated. ? For instance, the appropriateness( 适当 ) of using opiates( 鸦片，镇静剂 ) is dependent on the presence of extreme pain. To justify the recreational ( 消遣，娱 乐性的 )use of opiates by referring to a cancer patient or to justify arresting said cancer patient by comparing him to the recreational user would be a dicto simpliciter . Hasty Generalization --- 匆忙（草率）结论 ? Definition: A fallacy in which a conclusion is not logically justified by sufficient or unbiased （公正的） evidence . Hasty Generalization – 匆忙 （ 草率）结论 ? Hasty generalization is a logical fallacy of faulty generalization by reaching an inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence. ? It commonly involves basing a broad conclusion upon the statistics of a survey of a small group that fails to sufficiently represent the whole population.