毒物毒性作作用主要概念与基本.pptVIP

毒物毒性作用的主要概 念与基本机制 ●毒物( toxicant/ poison)-以较小剂量引起生 物杋体功能性或器质性损害的化学物质 任何物质都是毒物 ●毒性-一种物质能引起机体损害的性质和能 力;剂量 ●危险度引起机体某种不良效应发生的概率, 可定量估计;ⅴs.危险性 Dose剂量 e Amount of chemical injected into the tissue; o Oral administrated; o Target tissues after oral ingestion; o whole body burden in small organisms o Exposure concentration times time mg/body kg or mg/m3, m/L Dose‖ LD5O-half lethal dose; lc5o concentration in mg/m3 or mg/L; eC50 medium effective concentration; e NOEC: no observable effect concentration e Dose-response curve may have different shapes and slopes Typically short term(4 8 or g6 h Dose-response curve Mostly common used: Probit(概率) transformation o Sigmoid against log concentration o LCio and lcgo may also be important for a complete picture 对数剂 对数剂 剂量-效应(反应)强度曲线图 NOEC and loec 985 FIGURE 6. 1 Toxicity after 96 b exposure in aR aquatic toxicity test. it should be nored that NOEC can be determined only where LoeC is knotm-orbernise there would be indication of. ioN that can be toxic. NOEC. No observed effect concentration; LOEC, lowest brend effe 效应( effect)-毒物与集体接触后所引起的 生物学变化;量效应ⅴs.质效应; 反应( response)-呈现某种效应并达到一定 程度的比率 联合毒性作用 joint toxic effect 两种或两种以上的化学物同时或短期内先后 作用于机体所产生的综合毒性作用; ●类型 相加作用;相同结构,靶,机制类似 协同作用:促进 增强:其中一种毒物无毒性 拮抗作用:干扰,减弱 ●独立作用:互不影响 antagonism拮抗作用 Antagonism characterized by its mechanism Functional antagonism Two chemicals elicit opposite physiological effects and counter balance each other Chemical antagonism Two toxicants react with one another to produce a less toxic produc Dispositional antagonism Involves the uptake, movement within the organism, deposition at specific sites, and elimination of the toxicants. The presence of the two toxicants together shifts one or more of these processes to lower the impact of the toxicants on the site(s)of action or target organ(s) Receptor antagonism Two or more toxicants bind to the same receptor and each toxicant blocks the other from fully expressing its toxicity