病理学英文课件：Introduction and adaptation (2013 for 8 year).ppt

* * Pseudohypertrophy is a pathologic situation which encounters in some disorders. For example, in Duchenne Muscular dystrophy, a type of hereditary myopathy. In this condition the muscles in lower limbs are atrophied and replaced by fat, so the legs of patient look enlarged. It is actually real atrophy. * * Biochemical mechanisms of myocardial hypertrophy. The major known signaling pathways and their functional effects are shown. Mechanical sensors appear to be the major triggers for physiologic hypertrophy, and agonists and growth factors may be more important in pathologic states. ANF, atrial natriuretic factor; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor. * * * * * * Prostatic hyperplasia is a common disease in the male population over 50 years. The reason of hyperplasia is exceeding androgen secretion which leads hyperplasia of prostatic gland and stroma cells. A derivation of androgen, dihydrontestosterone (DHT) and its metabolite play the central role in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia. * Menorrhagia: too much bleeding of menses in an adult woman. * * * * * * * * * * * * * Dysplasia is considered as an abnormal epithelial hyperplasia with the loss of the normal cell architectural orientation and uniformity of the individual cells. * * * * * * Cells in a living, health person take part actively in their microenvironment. They must adjust their structure and function to fit the dynamic changed demands and stress. To keep the harmonization between the cells and extracellular environment. It is called homeostasis. But the adjusting range is relatively narrow. If the demands or stress persist a long time, or they are too strong to exceed the adjusting range, the cells will be damaged. * * * All adaptations are related to the cell growth and differentiation * All adaptations are related to the cell growth and differentiation * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Metaplasia. A, Schematic diagram of columnar to squamous metaplasia. B, Histologic