外科学-总论英文课件：Tumor.pptx

Tumor;PART I History and Epidemiology;The first curative excision of an ovarian tumor was achieved by Ephraim McDowell in 1809 Father of Ovariotomy（卵巢切除术） Founder of Abdominal Surgery;History of surgical oncology;Epidemiology;404,996 new cases of stomach cancer were estimated to have occurred, age-standardized incidence rate was 22.7 (per 100,000). 325,166 cases of death occurred in China, age-standardized mortality rate was 17.9 (per 100,000). Data quality:C4;Epidemiology;;2012 China Cancer Registry Annual Report;Distribution of Mortality Rates for Gastric Cancer in China;PART II Classification and Staging;Classification;Benign and Malignant;Carcinoma and Sarcoma;TNM staging system; New TNM staging system of gastric cancer;PART III Tumor Biology and carcigenesis;Multistep process of tumorigenesis;Cell-signal pathway in tumorigenesis;Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes;PART III;Genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis ;PART IV Surgery in neoplasm;Principle of Surgery;;Standard procedure of Gastric Cancer in China;Regional LN group according to Location of tumor;; Non - contact separation techniques;To monitor the quality process in cancer surgery cyclic thinking is needed. This process is often described in four steps: plan, do, check; and act The initial phase of planning or redesigning a process or activity the procedure will be executed. After this phase it is essential that outcome should be measured and consequently action taken to improve the process. After this the cycle starts again.; Prevention Surgery;PART V Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy;Radiotherapy;Radiotherapy;Radical radiotherapy ;Adjuvant (Neo-adjuvant) radiotherapy;Head and neck cancer: An increased survival with a decrease in locoregional recurrence observed with postoperative radiotherapy compared with preoperative radiotherapy Rectal cancer: There is strong evidence that preoperative radiotherapy is more effective than postoperative radiotherapy and improves survival Soft tissu