英语词汇学知识点整理.docxVIP

词汇期末复习（ C1-C7 ） Chapter 1 一、 Word 词的定义 a minimal free form (最小的自由形式) a sound unity a semantic unity ( meaning) a form that can function alone in a sentence. (具有句法功能) 二、 Vocabulary 词汇的定义 All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary. 一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。 词的总和构成语言的词汇。词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。 三、 SoundMeaning 发音和意义 The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary ( 任意的 ) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的 四、 Sound Form 发音和形式 The written form of a natural language is the orthographical (正字的) record of the oral form. 自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。 The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因： English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马 the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快 速 Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同 More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling. 发音不断变化，书写标准化。 borrowing : words were borrowed from other languages such as Latin, Greek, French, etc.外来词 五、 Classification of Words 词的分类 Basic Words The basic vocabulary has the following characteristics: 基本词汇特点： ? 1. All national character 全民性 (indispensable to all the people who speak the language). ? 2. Stability 稳定性 ( relatively stable or unchanged ) ? 3. Productivity 多产性 ( form new words in combination with other roots and affixes ) ? 4. Polysemy 多义性 ? 5. Collocability 搭配性 Non-basic Words Non-basic vocabulary: terminology, jargon, slang, argot, dialectal words, archaisms, neologisms. 非基本词包含：专业术语、行话、俚语、黑话、方言、古语、新词。 Content Words/Full words/National words ： They denote clear notions. 能够表达清楚的含义 Functional words/Empty words/Form words ： They show the relation between notions. 显示了与概念之间的关系 Native Words ： Anglo-Saxon words brought by the Germanic tribes such as Angles, Saxons and the Jutes. Borrowed Words ： loan words or borrowings. English has adopted almost all the major languages in the world. It includes Denizens 同化词 Aliens 非同化词 Translation loan