神经生物学 9、运动和运动疾病.pptxVIP

运动和运动疾病Movement and Movement Disorders;Motor System运动系统;Motor System运动系统;Somatic Motor System（躯体运动系统） ;Types of Movements（运动类型）;The Organization of Movement（运动的等级组织）;Neural Structures Involved in Controlling Movement;Neural Structures Involved in Controlling Movement;Spinal Control of Movement运动的脊髓调控;Lower Motor Neurons（低位运动神经元） ; Extrafusal fibers（梭外肌纤维）: Innervated by alpha motor neurons Intrafusal fibers（梭内肌纤维）: Innervated by gamma motor neurons ; Extrafusal fibers（梭外肌纤维）: Innervated by alpha motor neurons Intrafusal fibers（梭内肌纤维）: Innervated by gamma motor neurons 肌索（muscle spindle）:感受肌肉长度变化信息的感受装置 ;;ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 肌萎缩性侧索硬化症 ;ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis;ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis;Neuromuscular junction;Muscle Contraction Alpha motor neurons release ACh ACh produces large EPSP in muscle fiber EPSP evokes muscle action potential Action potential triggers Ca2+ release Fiber contracts Ca2+ reuptake Fiber relaxes;Myasthenia Gravis（重症肌无力）;Inputs to Alpha Motor Neurons ;Spinal Control of Motor Units运动单位的脊髓控制;Sensory feedback from muscle spindles - stretch receptor ;Golgi Tendon Organs Additional proprioceptive input - acts like strain gauge - monitors muscle tension;Spinal Interneurons Synaptic inputs to spinal interneurons: Primary sensory axons Descending axons from brain Collaterals of lower motor neuron axons Other interneurons ;小结;Brain Control of Movement运动的脑部控制;Descending Spinal Tracts（下行脊髓束）;Cerebral Motor Cortex（大脑运动皮层）;Descending Spinal Tracts下行脊髓束;The Lateral Pathways Voluntary movement - originates in cortex（皮层） Components Corticospinal tract (皮层脊髓束) Rubrospinal tract（红核脊髓束）;The Ventromedial Pathways Posture and locomotion - originates in brain stem（脑干） The Vestibulospinal tract（前庭脊髓束）: head balance, head turning The Tectospinal tract（顶盖脊髓束）: orienting response;The Basal Ganglia基底神经节;Basal Ganglia Motor Circuit;Basal Ganglia Disorders;Clinical Features of PD;Pathological Hallmarks of PD;Nigrostriatal Pathw