植物形态解剖学：leaf-2.pptVIP

气孔：气体交换和水分出入的主要门户。多数植物叶下表皮有气孔（~6,300 to 8 million /cm2），上午9：00—10：00开至最大，中午关闭，下午又开启，晚上关闭，旱生植物的气孔下陷，湿生植物气孔隆起，与表皮不在一平面。 The lower or higher surfaces of leaves are dotted with tiny pores(stomata), which not only allow entry for the carbon dioxide gas needed for photosynthesis, but also play a role in the diffusion out of oxygen produced during photosysnthesis. Water vapor evaporating from the moist interior cell surfaces can also escape via the stomata. The evaporation of water can bring about some cooling of the leaf, but excessive water loss can result in damage to the plant. The stomatal appar