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* Design of T-section beams Known variables : Unknown variables: 1. Distinguish the category of T-section 2. If category I * 3. If category II Design of T-section beams * (15 minutes) A T-section beam, as shown in the figure (unit: mm). The design value of moment = 350 kN.m, C30 concrete, HRB400 steel bar, concrete cover = 25 mm. Calculate the reinforcement area. * Design of doubly reinforced rectangular beams The section may be subjected to a reversal moment; The section is too small for an under-reinforced design but the size of the member can not be enlarged because of some reason; Compression steel is used to reduce the long-term deflection of a beam under service loads. Definition: A section with reinforcement in both the tension and compression zone is called a “doubly reinforced section” Compression steel is required in design for the following reasons: * Failure of doubly reinforced beams Tension and compression failures can occur in doubly reinforced beams. In both types of failure, the concrete in compression zone is crushed but the tension and compression steel bar may or may not yield. Similar to the singly-reinforced beams, tension failure is ductile while compression failure is brittle. The tension failure should be designed. The compressive strain of compression reinforcement. * Analysis of doubly reinforced rectangular beams Conclusion: both the tension steel and compression steel should yield if a doubly reinforced beam fails. * Design of doubly reinforced rectangular beams Case1 Known variables : Unknown variables: * * Design of doubly reinforced rectangular beams Case2 Known variables : Unknown variables: * Design of doubly reinforced rectangular beams * Ultimate resistance moment of doubly-reinforced beams Known variables : Unknown variables: x, Mu When the section dimension and reinforcement detail are known, sometimes we need to check the ultimate moment of resistance. * Detailing of the reinforcement 1). Clear distance between longitudin