土力学教学课件：ch2 water flow in soil 3.pptVIP

* Some exploration and analysis work have been down to investigate the reasons of the incident. * 堤防下游坡脚处的出逸比降，逐渐接近和超过临界比降，使该处首先发生渗透变形，由于得不到及时加固，随着江水位的继续增高，土体流失量逐渐增多，渗透变形范围向堤内发展，逐渐形成渗漏通道，直至堤身出现空洞，引起上部塌陷、整体失稳以至溃决。 * First, let’s see some Phenomena of seepage failures. Generally, there are three types of seepage failures. quicksand , piping( forming a free passage of water (“pipe”). ), and the third is hydraulic fracture. Quicksand: Quicksand is not a special type of sand. It is a hydrogeological phenomenon. Quicksand occurs when an upward hydraulic gradient reaches a critical level. gravitational forces in the soil mass are balanced by upward seepage force. The inter-granular strength of the soil particles drops to zero, and the soil is said to be in the quick condition. If the critical gradient is exceeded, the surface will appear to be boiling as the particles are moved by the upward flow of water. In the natural environment, quicksand is commonest at the bottom of hills. It can also occur where a confined aquifer has surface contact.Quicksand is a natural phenomenon, but it can occur in engineered soil works, such as near sheet pilings. In engineered earth structures, appearance of quicksand (e.g. downstream of an earth dam) can signify a design or construction fault as well as the impending catastrophic failure of the structure. It is a very bad sign. * * To answer this question, we should introduce a concept, a very important concept- effective stress of soil * * * * After the introduction of effective stress . Now, we can see how the seepage increase or decrease the effective stress in soil. Firstly, let’s look at the static situation. A soil is put in water at static state, no water flow in the soil. The effective stress is induced just by the effective unit weight of soil. * So, we can see that, as the water flow is in the same direction with the gravity, it will increase the effective stress in soil. * So, we can see that, as the water flow is i