操作系统概念英文课件：Chapter 9 Virtual Memory.pptVIP

Operating System Concepts Whenever a timer interrupts copy and sets the values of all reference bits to 0. If one of the bits in memory = 1 ? page in working set. Why is this not completely accurate? Improvement = 10 bits and interrupt every 1000 time units. Operating System Concepts Fault Frequency Scheme Operating System Concepts Establish “acceptable” fault rate. If actual rate too low, process loses frame. If actual rate too high, process gains frame. Operating System Concepts Memory-Mapped Files Memory-mapped file I/O allows file I/O to be treated as routine memory access by mapping a disk block to a page in memory. A file is initially read using demand paging. A sized portion of the file is read from the file system into a physical page. Subsequent reads/writes to/from the file are treated as ordinary memory accesses. Operating System Concepts Simplifies file access by treating file I/O through memory rather than read() write() system calls. Also allows several processes to map the same file allowing the pages in memory to be shared. Operating System Concepts Memory Mapped Files Operating System Concepts Memory-Mapped Shared Memory in Windows Operating System Concepts Allocating Kernel Memory Treated differently from user memory Often allocated from a free-memory pool Kernel requests memory for structures of varying sizes Some kernel memory needs to be contiguous Operating System Concepts Buddy System Allocates memory from fixed-size segment consisting of physically-contiguous pages Memory allocated using power-of-2 allocator Operating System Concepts Satisfies requests in units sized as power of 2 Request rounded up to next highest power of 2 When smaller allocation needed than is available, current chunk split into two buddies of next-lower power of 2 Continue until appropriate sized chunk available Operating System Concepts Buddy System Allocator Operating System Concepts Slab Allocation Operating System Concepts Other Considerations Prepaging To re