最后机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语翻译.docxVIP

最后机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语翻译 Unit 1 Metals 在人类社会的发展i 起着关键性的作用「构成物丿 基本元素中，大约有一半为 金属之间的区别不是特别明 义集中在元素原子间存在的 些原子相关联的电子的某些 实际应用中.可以将具有某 左义为某种元素 在人类社会的发展i 起着关键性的作用「构成物丿 基本元素中，大约有一半为 金属之间的区别不是特别明 义集中在元素原子间存在的 些原子相关联的电子的某些 实际应用中.可以将具有某 左义为某种元素C 除了少数例外金属 的=它们是热和电的良导体 往往具有较高的密度。许多彳 也就是说.在不被破坏的情 在外力的作用卜町以发生变 形所需的力和最终使金属断 大，尽管发生断裂所需的力 的撕开金属原子所需的力那f 从我们的观点来看.在 晶性是最重要的。结晶体是 药成的原子宗Q亦捋VI的 The use of metals has always been a keyfactor in the development of the social systems of man. Of the roughly 100 basic elements of which all matter is composed, about half are classified as metals. The distinction between a metal and a nonmetal is not always clear-cut. The most basic definition centers around the t)pe of bonding existing between the atoms of the element, and around the characteristics of certain of the electrons associated with these atoms. In a more practical way, however, a melal can be defined as an element which has a particular package of properties. Metals are crystalline when in the solid state and. with few exceptions (e.g. mercury), are solid at ambient temperatures. They are good conductors of heat and electricity and are opaque to light. They usually have a comparatively high density Many metals are ductile-\hat is. their shape can be changed permanently by the application of a force without breaking. The forces required to cause this defonnaiion and those required lo bwak fracture a m^tal are comparatively high, although, the fracture forces is not nearly as high as would be 巳xpectEd from simple consideration of the forces required to tear apart the aloms of the melaL One of the more significant of these characteristics from our point of view is that of crvstallinitv. A crystalline solid is one in which called grains. In the most general case? the crystals of the various grains are randomly oriented in space? The grains are everj^here in intinoate contact with one another and joined together on an atomic scale? The region at which they join is known as a grain boundary. An a