英语四级选词填空练习及答案.docxVIP

精品文档 精品文档 随意编辑 随意编辑 Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences,argue that rewards can __1__ performance at work and school. Cognitive( 认识派的 ) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependenceon __2__ and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, __3__ among educators. But the careful use of small __4__ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggest ing that properly prese nted in duceme nts(刺激 )in deed __5__inven tive ness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. “If kids know they re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively __6 task, they show the most creativity, say”s Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “Butit esasy to __7__ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards. A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for __8__ achievement ends uPwith uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and __9__ failing grades. In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards, shows __10__ in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims. A)mental B)promise C)kill D)avoid E)hope F)especially G)aid H)ordinary I)approval J)monetary K)generally L)improve M)challenging N)restore O)excellent  Answers: 1. L 2. I 3. F 4. J 5. G 6. M 7. C 8. H 9. N 10. B Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text. The reader puts questions, as it were, to the text and gets answers. In the light of these he