电子陶瓷教学课件04conductivity.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Functional ceramics Lorentz calculated EL in the following way. Ep can be shown to be P/3e0, but Ed must be calculated for each particular site chosen and for each dielectric material. In which Ep is the contribution from the charges at the surface of the spherical cavity (imaging for the moment that the sphere of material is removed) and Ed is due to the dipoles within the boundary. (2.18) 4 Charge displacement processes Functional ceramics For certain crystals of high symmetry and glasses it can be shown that Ed=0, and so for these cases In which g is the ‘internal field constant’. In the more general case it is assumed that (2.19) 4 Charge displacement processes Functional ceramics The dipole moment p induced in the entity can now be written If it is assumed that all entities are of the same type and have a density N, then In which a is the polarizability of the entity, i.e. the dipole moment induced per unit applied field. or (2.20) (2.21) (2.22) 4 Charge displacement processes Functional ceramics In the particular case for which g=1/3e0 rearrangement of the previous equation leads to the Clausius-Mosottie relationship. Using the cgs system the Clausius-Mosottie relationship becomes (2.23) (2.24) This form has been widely used in calculating polarizabilities. 4 Charge displacement processes Functional ceramics For equation ce→∞ as Nag→1, and this implies that under certain conditions lattice polarization produces a local field which tends to stabilize the polarization further – a ‘feedback’ mechanism. This points to the possibility of ‘spontaneous polarization’, i.e. lattice polarization in the absence of an applied field. (a) Non-polar array; (b), (c) polar arrays. The arrows indicate the direction of spontaneous polarization Ps. 4 Charge displacement processes Functional ceramics Such spontaneously polarized materials do exist, ‘ferroelectrics’ constitute an important class among them. Ferroelectric behaviour is limite