完整版戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记自己整理版.docxVIP

精品文档 精品文档 PAGE PAGE11 精品文档 PAGE Chapter1 Introduction Whatislinguistics? 什么是语言学 [A]Thedefinitionoflinguistics Linguistics isgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage对(语言进行的科学研究) Processoflinguisticstudy: Certainlinguisticfactsareobserved,generalizationareformed; Hypothesesareformulated; Hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations; ④Alinguistictheoryisconstructed. [B]Thescopeoflinguistics Generallinguistics普通语言学:thestudyoflanguageasawhole从整体研究 1.Phonetics:thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsounds(orthestudyofthephonicmedium oflanguage)(Howspeechsoundsareproducedandclassified) 2.Phonology:isessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.(Howsoundsformsystemsandfunctiontoconveymeaning) 3.Morphology:thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords(howmorphemesarecombinedtoformwords) 4.Syntax:thestudyofthoserulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformpermissiblesentences(howmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences) 5.Semantics:thestudyofmeaninginabstraction 6.Pragmatics:thestudyofmeaningincontextofuse Sociolinguistics:thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety Psycholinguistics:thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofthemind Appliedlinguistics:theapplicationoflinguisticsprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearningAnthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics; computationallinguistics [C]Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics ①Prescriptivevs.Descriptive 规定性与描写性 ②Synchronicvs.Diachronic 共时性与历时性（现代英语多研究共时性） Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintime; Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime. ③ ④  Speechandwriting 言语与文字 Langueandparole 语言和言语 ProposedbySwisslinguistsF.deSausse(sociological) Langue:referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity（指一个话语 社团所有成员共有的语言系统） Parole:referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse（指语言在实际运用中的实现） ⑤Competenceandperformance 语言能力与语言运用 ProposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky(psychological) Competence:theidealus