大一下学习新建文件夹管理学04.pptVIP

Definition of Planning Planning involves selecting missions and objectives and the actions to achieve them; it requires decision making, that is, choosing from among alternative future courses of action. Fig. 4-1 Close Relationship of Planning and Controlling Types of Plans Plans can be classified as: 1. Missions or purposes 2. Objectives or goals 3. Strategies 4. Policies 5. Procedures 6. Rules 7. Programs 8. Budgets Types of Plans The mission, or purpose, identifies the basic purpose or function or tasks of an enterprise or agency or any part of it. Objectives, or goals, are the ends toward which activity is aimed. Strategy is the determination of the basic long?term objectives of an enterprise and the adoption of courses of action and allocation of resources necessary to achieve these goals. Policies are general statements or understandings that guide or channel thinking in decision making. Types of Plans – cont. Procedures are plans that establish a required method of handling future activities. Rules spell out specific required actions or nonactions, allowing no discretion. Programs are a complex of goals, policies, procedures, rules, task assignments, steps to be taken, resources to be employed, and other elements necessary to carry out a given course of action. A budget is a statement of expected results expressed in numerical terms. Steps in Planning 1. Being aware of opportunities 洞察机会 2. Establishing objectives or goals 确立目标 3. Developing premises 确定前提条件 4: Determining alternative courses 确定备选方案 5. Evaluating alternative courses 评估备选方案 6. Selecting a course 选择方案 7. Formulating derivative plans制定派生计划 8. Quantifying plans by budgeting 编制预算 Verifiable Objectives Objectives are the important ends toward which organizational and individual activities are directed. An objective is verifiable when at the end of the period one can determine whether or not the objective has been achieved. mgtppt@126.com PW: 7654321 The Nature of Object