海洋生物学—海洋生物分类学：第6讲-海洋无脊椎动物—半索动物、头索动物、尾索动物.pptx

第六讲：原始脊索动物;半索动物门;;代表种类：;;肠鳃纲 —— 柱头虫 (Bananoglossus);羽鳃纲： 代表动物— —— 头盘虫 Cephalodiscus;半索动物的系统位置;;脊索动物门—脊椎动物除外;The notochord is a flexible, rodlike structure, extending the length of the body; it is the first part of the endoskeleton to appear in the embryo. The notochord is an axis for muscle attachment, and because it can bend without shortening, it permits undulatory波动的 movements of the body. In most protochordates and in jawless vertebrates, the notochord persists throughout life. In all jawed vertebrates a series of catilaginous软骨质的 or bony vertebrea if formed from the connective tissue sheath around the notochord and replaces the notochord as the chief mechanical axis of the body.;The single cord is dorsal to the alimentary canal and notochord and is a tube. In vertebrates the anterior end becomes enlarged to form the brain. The hollow cord 中空的神经索is produced in the embryo by the infolding of the ectodermal cells on the dorsal side of the body above the notochord. The verve cord passes through the protective neural arches 髓弓of the vertebrae, and the anterior brain is surrounded by a bony or cartilaginous cranium脑颅.;Pharyngeal slits are perforated slitlike openings that lead from the pharyngeal cavity to the outside. The are formed by the inpocketing of the outside ectoderm (pharyngeal grooves) and the evagination, or outpocketing, of the endodermal lining of the pharynx (pharyngeal pouches). The earliest chordates used the slits for filter feeding; some living chordates still use them for feeding, although some diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide may occur across the slits.;Other chordates have developed gills in the pharyngeal pouches for gas exchange, completing the conversion of the pharynx from a filter-feeding apparatus in protochordates to a respiratory organ in aqutic vertebrates. The pharyngeal slits of terrestrial vertebrates are mainly embryonic features and may be incomplete. ;;心脏腹面; 目前，世界上已知的脊索动物约有4.5万种，现存的种类分为三个亚门： Subphylum