完整文稿参考suc英文版课件2 1.ppt

Chapter 2 第二章LOGIC逻辑 Logic is the discipline(学科) that deals with the methods of reasoning(推理). The example of reason If I am your teacher then I should give you lessons. I am your teacher. So I should give you lessons. Is it right? Maybe just now! Another example of reason If you invest in the stock market then you will get rich. If you get rich then you will be happy. so, if you invest in the stock market then you will be happy. Is it right? Maybe just now! Another example of reason if taxes are lowered, then income rises. income rises. so, taxes are lowered. Is it right? Maybe just now! More Examples of Proposition Do you speak English? This is a question, not a statement. Let’s go! It is not a statement, but a command. 3-x=5. x is a variable, so the truth value of this sentence is open. The 4-color guess is true. We believe that it is true or false, but not both even before it was solved. The sun will come out tomorrow It is a statement What a good man he is. It is not a statement I am lying. It is a paradox. A simple statement can be represented by an atom proposition. More than one atom propositions can be combined into a compound statement. The combination is achieved using “connectives”. Usually, the connective roughly corresponds some conjunctive in the natural language. If x is an integer, “x is larger than 2” is not a proposition Let P(x): x is larger than 2. is P(x) a proposition? No! How to make a predicate proposition? P(3) is a predicate proposition. “For all x, P(x)” is a proposition. “There exists an x, P(x)” is a proposition. Given the domain, “for all x, P(x) is true.” is a statement, that is the sentence is either true or false, but not both. When P(x): x 2, How about the truth value of “for all x, P(x)”? If x is real number, and P(x) represents “-(-x)=x” , how about the truth value of ?xP(x)? Negation of Quantifications 量词的否 Domain of real number (-0) is assumed Negation of universal quanti