内容细胞信号转导1.ppt

The Professorial Staff of the Caroline Institute has resolved to award to Dr. Frederick Grant Banting and Professor John James Richard Macleod the Nobel Prize for 1923 in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of insulin.Although the disease which has received the name of ?diabetes mellitus? has evidently been known from immemorial time - Celsus and Araeteus in their writings in the first century of our era described an illness which was characterized by an enormous secretion of urine, an unquenchable thirst and a considerable loss of flesh - it was not until the seventeenth century that the Englishman Thomas Willis made the important observation that the urine in this illness contains a sugar-like substance; and it was not until more than a hundred years later that his countryman Dobson was able to produce from such urine the kind of sugar in question. This discovery, it is true, led the study of the mysterious disease into the right paths; but nevertheless it was a long time before any real progress was made. At the time the sugar was regarded as being a substance foreign to the animal organism, which was formed only under diseased conditions. It is true that the observation by Tidemann and Gmelin in 1827, that starchy foods are under normal conditions transformed into sugar in the intestinal canal and that this is absorbed by the blood, marks an important advance; but really epoch-making was the discovery of the great French physiologist Claude Bernard in 1857 that the liver is an organ that contains a starch-like substance, glycogen, from which sugar is constantly being formed during life; in the words of Claude Bernard, the liver secretes sugar into the blood.In connection with his investigations into the circumstances that affect the formation of sugar, Claude Bernard observed that in certain lesions of the nervous system the sugar content of the blood was increased and that the sugar passed into the urine of the animals in the experiments. For the first