国际课程课件系列之物理boardworks Materials Part 5 - The Young modulus.pptVIP

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国际课程课件系列之物理boardworks Materials Part 5 - The Young modulus.ppt

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Teacher notes For ductile materials, note that there is a stage where the tensile stress is greater than it is at the breaking point, but the sample does not break. The explanation for this is beyond AS level. At this level, necking and plastic flow of the sample are not considered. It could be pointed out that brittle samples can be strong. (They can have a high breaking stress.) Note also that graphs for polymeric materials, although non-linear, may have linear sections. Breaking stress can also be called ultimate tensile stress. * Boardworks A-level Physics Year 1 and AS Materials Teacher notes Students should be encouraged to think through the variables in the equation for the Young modulus. F is the weight of the masses added to stretch the spring. L is the length of wire under test without any weights added. A is the cross-sectional area of the wire calculated from the diameter (measured with a micrometer) using A = πd 2 /4. x is the change in the length of wire under test when masses are added. L and A should be measured, then x should be recorded for different values of F. The results can be processed in any of the following ways: Plotting a graph of stress against strain. The Young modulus will be the gradient. Stress and strain will first have to be calculated for each set of F and x, using stress = F/A and strain = x/L Plotting a graph of FL against Ax. The Young modulus will be the gradient. Plotting a force–extension graph. F/x is the gradient of the straight line portion. This value can be multiplied by L/A, where L and A are measured as above, to give the Young modulus. The last of these is the simplest to carry out, but perhaps the most difficult to come up with from looking at the equations. The similarity between the methods should be noticed: they all amount to plotting the force against extension, but in the first two cases the figures have been multiplied or divided by constants first. * Boardworks A-level Physics Year 1 and AS Materials