第三节 氮肥的种类、性质和施用.pdfVIP

第五讲 植物的氮素营养与氮肥 第五章 植物的氮素营养与氮肥 第一节 植物的氮素营养 第二节 土壤中的氮素及其转化 第三节 氮肥的种类、性质和施用 第四节 氮肥的合理分配和施用 一、氮肥生产概述 Nitrogen from the Air (1911) The Haber-Bosch process, is the production of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases over an enriched iron or ruthenium catalyst. The Haber-Bosch process has been called “the most important invention of the 20th century”. It “detonated the population explosion”, driving the worlds population from 1.6 billion in 1900 to 6 billion in 2000. The Haber-Bosch process produces about 500 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer per year, mostly in the form of anhydrous ammonia, ammonium nitrate, and urea, consumes about 1% of the worlds annual energy supply and sustains 40% of the world’s population. Smil (1999) Nature 400, 415; Fryzuk (2004) Nature 427, 498 （一）氮肥的制造原理 1.合成氨原理：（哈伯法，始于1913年） 高温、高压 3H ＋N 2NH ＋Q 2 2 催化剂 3 2.硝酸制造原理： （氨氧化法） O O H O NH 2 NO 2 NO 2 HNO ＋NO 3 2 3 催化剂高温 加压 氮肥的生产 NH 3 NH NO 4 3 Na CO HNO3 2 3 NaNO3 硝态氮肥 +Ca (PO ) F NH H PO • CaHPO • NH NO 5 4 3 4 2 4 4 4 3 +NH 3