(胸心外科课件）（参考翻译）empyema_37.pptVIP

(胸心外科课件）（参考翻译）empyema;（均为胸膜腔）Pleural cavity, pleural space or pleural sac; Empyema thoracic 脓胸 is characterized by presence of pus 脓 or microorganism in the pleural fluid ; ;1 Definition 2 Etiology 3 Pathway of pathogen 4 Pathology 5 Clinical classification ; Empyema is caused by an infection of the structures surrounding the pleural space. Risk factors include: bacterial pneumonia the most common cause lung abscess 肺脓肿 thoracic surgery 胸科手术 trauma to the chest thoracentesis 胸腔穿刺 subdiaphragmatic infections 膈下感染;Parapneumonic Empyema 脓胸 Etiology;Pathogen include the following: Streptococcus pneumoniae 肺炎链球菌 Streptococcus 链球菌 Staphylococcus aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌 Escherichia coli bacteria 大肠埃希菌 Bacillus pyocyaneus 绿脓杆菌 Fungus 真菌 Anaerobic bacteria 厌氧菌 Mycobacterium 分枝杆菌 Tuberculosis 结核;Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptococcus;Staphylococcus aureus;Fungus;Anaerobic bacteria;Mycobacterium, Tuberculosis ;1 Definition 2 Etiology 3 Pathway of pathogen 4 Pathology 5 Clinical classification ;Dept. Cardiothoracic surgery;1 Definition 2 Etiology 3 Pathway of pathogen 4 Pathology 5 Clinical classification ;Parapneumonic Empyema Physiopathology; Phase1  Exudative phase ,acute phase;This is the immediate response with outpouring 流出 of the fluid. The cellular content of the exudates is relatively low. During this stage the fluid is thin and lungs are readily 容易的 re-expandable 再膨胀. Gram stain 革兰染色 and culture 培养 is negative for micro-organism.;Dept. Cardiothoracic surgery;Phase 2;Phase 3 Organizing phase ,chronic phase;Phase 3;In empyema, pathological response may be divided into three phases. These phases are not sharply distinctive 有特色的 but gradually one phase merges into 并入 another depending largely on the nature of infecting organism. ;1 Definition 2 Etiology 3 Pathway of pathogen 4 Pathology 5 Clinical classification ; Acute Chronic Localized 局限 Diffuse 扩散;1 Definition 2 Clinical manifestation and diagnosis 3