环境生态学第二十二章稀有物种、生境损失和灭绝.pptVIP

V1 稀有物种、生境损失和灭绝;环境生态学第二十二章稀有物种、生境损失和灭绝;A species which has declined to low numbers will suffer from a loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding depression. A minimum viable population (MVP) is required for the long-term survival of a species to ensure genetic variability is maintained. An MVP of 250-500 individuals is accepted as the best estimate for inbreeding avoidance. Detailed and lengthy study is required for the accurate determination of MVP and frequently the protection of habitat is the conservation priority, overshadowing concern over genetic diversity.;稀有种的遗传多样性;Numerous habitats, such as wetlands, grasslands and forests, have been either drastically reduced in area, modified or destroyed, usually for agriculture. Habitat degradation results in the decline or loss of species. Habitat fragmentation reduces the habitat area and increases the distance between remaining patches. These smaller patches of usually poorer quality habitat suffer from edge effects and support different species to continuous habitats. Species are lost because of the overall loss of habitat area, and as a result of increasing insularization. Recently isolated patches may initially contain more species than the area can sustain over the long term and species will be lost from the patch – a process known as relaxation.;生境损失和 片断化;昌都地区的森林破坏 ;日喀则地区的水土流失;Extinction is a natural process, although its pace and incidence have been increased through human activity. Past extinctions are clustered in geological time (e.g.significant extinction occurred in the permian and Permian and Pleistocene). The anthropogenic causes of extinction include hunting, habitat destruction and artificial species introductions. The IUCN categorizes species facing considerable risk of becoming extinct as ‘ endangered’. Small populations are more likely to become endangered as a direct or indirect result of normal population fluctuations. Demographic and genetic factors interact to cause extinction. The chance of a p