【奇性定理】证明论文（霍金-彭罗斯）.pdfVIP

Downloaded from / on March 17, 2018 Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A. 314, 529-548 (1970) Printed in Great Britain The singularities of gravitational collapse and cosmology B y S. W. H a w k i n g Institute of Theoretical Astronomy, University of Cambridge a n ’d R . P e n r o s e Department of Mathematics, College, London {Communicated by JEL. Bondi, F.R.S.—Received 30 April 1969) A new theorem on space-time singularities is presented which largely incorporates and generalizes the previously known results. The theorem implies that space-time singularities are to be expected if either the universe is spatially closed or there is an ‘object5 undergoing relativistic gravitational collapse (existence of a trapped surface) or there is a point p whose past null cone encounters sufficient matter that the divergence of the null rays through p changes sign somewhere to the past of p (i.e. there is a minimum apparent solid angle, as viewed from p for small objects of given size). The theorem applies if the following four physical assumptions are made: (i) Einstein’s equations hold (with zero or negative cosmological con­ stant), (ii) the energy density is nowhere less than minus each principal pressure nor less than minus the sum of the three principal pressures (the ‘energy condition5), (iii) there are no closed timelike curves, (iv) every timelike or null geodesic enters a region where the curva­ ture is not specially alined with the geodesic. (This last condition would hold in any sufficiently general physically realistic model.) In common with earlier results, timelike or null geodesic incompleteness is