M2 Grammar优优秀教学设计.docxVIP

Grammar—Link words ■Goals To learn about link words and sentence cohesion ■Procedures Step 1: Learning about cohesion To achieve cohesion, the link of one sentence to the next, consider the following techniques: Repetition. In sentence B (the second of any two sentences), repeat a word from sentence A. Synonymy. If direct repetition is too obvious, use a synonym of the word you wish to repeat. This strategy is call elegant variation. Antonymy. Using the opposite word, an antonym, can also create sentence cohesion, since in language antonyms actually share more elements of meaning than you might imagine. Pro-forms. Use a pronoun, pro-verb, or another pro-form to make explicit reference back to a form mentioned earlier. Collocation. Use a commonly paired or expected or highly probable word to connect one sentence to another. Enumeration. Use overt markers of sequence to highlight the connection between ideas. This system has many advantages: (a) it can link ideas that are otherwise completely unconnected, (b) it looks formal and distinctive, and (c) it promotes a second method of sentence cohesion, discussed in (7) below. Parallelism. Repeat a sentence structure. This technique is the oldest, most overlooked, but probably the most elegant method of creating cohesion. Transitions. Use a conjunction or conjunctive adverb to link sentences with particular logical relationships. Step 2: 连词用法一览表 种类 功用 例句 并列连词 连接具有并列关系的 词 He knows neither English nor French. 短语 Are you going by bus or on foot? 分句 Mary was a good girl, but she had one shortcoming. 从属连词 引导： 状语从句 Ill do it as you told me.You will be late unless you hurry. 连接代词和连接副词 主语从句 What he said proved true.When well start has not been decided yet. 表语从句 This is why he didnt come yesterday.That is where he lives. 宾语从句 The man asked me which I liked best.I cant understand why she is so late. 关系代词和关系副词 定语从句 Nicotine is a drug that gets one into the habit of smoking.He came last night when I was out.