forcesthatenableflight的力量使飞行.pptxVIP

ForcesThatEnableFlight的力量使飞行会计学Sources of LiftDynamic pressure above airfoil higher than below, thus static pressure below greater, pushes airfoil upSome air deflected downward from lower surface, opposite (upward) reaction force is another source of liftAirfoilsWingBone at leading edge with feathers trailing creates convex shapeForearm with secondaries attached is the main source of liftPrimary feathersAsymmetric shape with stiff rachis leading and long barbs trailing creates convex shapeThrustProduced like propellerLeading edge of wing cuts vertically, force produced is forward thrustLarge birds twist primary feathers as wing beats to produce thrust, forearm stays horizontal and continues to produce (increased) liftSmall birds create thrust with entire wing, plus additional thrust from primary feathersPassive recovery upstrokeFlight AdaptationsRigid wing and feather structureRequired to create air flow patterns that result in liftBecause wing form maintained, forces created result in lift rather than bending of body Light weightWeight counters liftApplication of ThrustMomentum (mass x velocity) perpetuates thrustDrag counters thrustProfile drag (friction with air, the reason for streamlining)Induced drag (turbulence)Sources of DragAir flow over wing (induced)Wing tips (induced)Projections from body (profile)Adaptations in forelimb eliminate sources of profile dragAlula is the exceptionFeatures used to maintain liftProblem when wing is held at steep angleAlula deflects air down over wing to maintain flow, prevent induced dragSlots in wings perform same function, front primary directs air over primary behindAir forced through slots expands on upper surface (reduced static pressure) to create more liftStatic SoaringUse thermals, obstruction currents to attain altitudeUse gravity to generate speed, liftLow wing loading (large wings relative to weight) promotes use of liftMust be able to maneuver at slow speedsUse alula, have slots in wingsBroad, rounded wings produce