科学研究方法.pptVIP

科学研究的基本要素 创造性的因素 创新性或革新的因素 科学方法的应用 新知识的产生和应用 Scientific Research Methodology Scientific research methodology is a procedure used to logically develop an understanding of the world in which we live. The basic steps involved in a scientific study: Define an area, subject, question, or problem to be studied. Do background research to determine what is already known about the subject to be studied. Develop a hypothesis or multiple hypotheses to guide the project or study. The basic steps involved in a scientific study: (continued) 4. Gather data and observations by conducting field studies or experiments. 5. Analysis and interpret results and data. 6.?Use the analysis to support, reject, or reevaluate the hypothesis and the null hypothesis. 7. Publish the results of the scientific research. 科学研究的基本方法 观察法：临床观察 实验法：实验条件下的观察 调查法：流行病学调查、营养调查 Research may be classified according to purpose as:1. Descriptive studies2. Analytical studies Descriptive studies include:1. Qualitative research —  generate narrative data, i.e., data described in words instead of numbers.2. Case reports3. Case series4. Survey research Analytical studies include:1. Experimental designs, such as clinical trials;2. Observational research designs, such  as cohort or follow-up studies and case control studies. Analytical studies:1. Analytical studies are designed to test hypotheses concerning the effects of  specific factors of interest and allow  causal associations to be detected.2. Only experimental studies in which intervention is designed by the  researchers provide proof of cause and effect. 科研选题 是否具备科研的基本要素(meaningful and important) 可行性：科研条件与科研环境(feasible, start with a simple question) 科研经费 成本与效益 科研课题的优先性 个人兴趣 时间 科研设计 制定科研课题研究技术方案和计划实施方案 —— 做什么、怎么做、何时做、谁来做 科研设计包括专业设计和统计学设计（实验设计） 专业设计 技术路线 — 简图（框架图） 实验观察内容、指标、方法 实验对象 — 动物、人 被试因素 — 单因素、多因素；独立、交叉 观测指标 — 关联、灵敏、稳定、特异、精确、可行 实验设计（统计学设计） 以数理统计学理论技术为基础 在专业设计的基础上 进行实验设计