文稿说明大二下学习分子part3chapter.pptxVIP

CHAPTER 14 Translation（翻译） DNA是剧本，蛋白质才是生物中的演员;What is translation? ;Translation extremely costs;The main challenges of translation ;Translation machinery;Outline ;Topic 1: mRNA;1-1 polypeptide chains are specified by ORF ;The start codon —the first codon of an ORF In bacteria : AUG, GUG, or UUG (5’-3’) In eukaryotic cells: 5’-AUG-3’ Functions: 1.Specifies the first amino acid to be incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain. 2.Defines the reading frame for all subsequent codons. ;10;11;12;1-2 Prokaryotic mRNAs have a ribosome binding site that recruits the translational machinery;Ribosome binding site (RBS) or SD-sequence in prokaryotic mRNA, complementary with the sequence at the 3’ end of 16S rRNA. ; Once ;;Topic 2: tRNA;The are many types of tRNA molecules in cell (~40). Each tRNA molecule is attached to a specific amino acids (20) and each recognizes a particular codon, or codons (61), in the mRNA. All tRNAs end with the sequence 5’-CCA-3’ at the 3’ end, where the aminoacyl tRNA synthetase adds the amino acid.;19;2020/9/18;2-2: tRNAs share a common secondary structure that resembles a cloverleaf;22;2-3: tRNAs have an L-shaped 3-D structure;Topic 3: Attachment of Amino Acid to tRNA;3-1 tRNAs are charged by attachment of an amino acid to the 3’ terminal A of the tRNA via a high energy acyl linkage;3-2 Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases charge tRNA in two steps;27;3-2 Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases charge tRNA in two steps;Step 2：tRNA charging;Class I: attach the amino acids to the 2’OH of the tRNA, and is usually monomeric. Class II: attach the amino acids to the 3’OH of the tRNA, and is usually dimeric or tetrameric.;3-3： each aminoacyl tRNA synthetase attaches a single amino acids to one or more tRNAs;One synthetase?one amino acid One amino acid ?more than one codon One synthetase ?more than one tRNA Isoacceping tRNA（同工tRNA） ;3-4 tRNA synthetases recognize unique structure features of cognate（同族） tRNAs;2020/9/18;35;3-5 Aminoacyl-tRNA formation is very accurate