微观经济学课件.pptxVIP

Chapter 7The Cost of ProductionTopics to be DiscussedMeasuring Cost: Which Costs Matter? P205Cost in the Short Run P212Cost in the Long Run p216Long-Run Versus Short-Run Cost Curves p224Production with Two Outputs--Economies of Scope P230Chapter 7Slide IntroductionThe production technology measures the relationship between input and output.Given the production technology, managers must choose how to produce.To determine the optimal level of output and the input combinations, we must convert from the unit measurements of the production technology to dollar measurements or costs.Chapter 7Slide 一、Measuring Cost:Which Costs Matter? P206（一）Economic Cost vs. Accounting CostEconomic CostCost to a firm of utilizing economic resources in production, including opportunity costAccounting Cost （不同于经济成本）Actual expensesChapter 7Slide Measuring Cost: Which Costs Matter?（二）显性成本与隐性成本显性成本=会计成本购入要素与自有要素Question1、2判断题：经济成本大于会计成本Chapter 7Slide 附：经济学成本区别于会计学意义上的成本（基于实际支出的显性成本）P206——经济学意义上的机会成本包括了会计学意义上所不包括的隐性成本。——会计学意义上一些显性成本（如沉淀成本）并不能列入经济学意义上的机会成本范畴。『例子』上大学的成本分析Chapter 7Slide （三）Opportunity cost. vs. Sunk CostCost associated with opportunities that are foregone when a firm’s resources are not put to their highest-value use.Sunk cost: 已经发生的（实际支出的，显性），并注定无法收回的成本。Sunk Cost 不影响未来决策，应为其机会成本为零附：但并不是所有机会成本为零的成本都是沉淀成本 （注定要发生，但不是已经发生的），（如吃住）Chapter 7Slide Measuring Cost:Which Costs Matter?An Example （P207例子）A firm pays 50万 for an option to buy a building.The cost of the building is 500万 or a total of 550万The firm finds another building for $525万Which building should the firm buy?Chapter 7Slide 二、Cost in the Short Run P207开始Fixed and Variable CostsTotal output is a function of variable inputs and fixed inputs. Therefore, the total cost of production equals the fixed cost (the cost of the fixed inputs) plus the variable cost (the cost of the variable inputs), or…Chapter 7Slide 二、Cost in the Short Run P207Fixed and Variable CostsFixed CostDoes not vary with the level of output即使产量为零（包括停产